{"id":13965,"date":"2022-01-11T19:58:00","date_gmt":"2022-01-11T16:58:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mozartcultures.com\/en\/?p=13965"},"modified":"2022-01-13T13:49:53","modified_gmt":"2022-01-13T10:49:53","slug":"hawaiian-and-its-morphological-typology","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mozartcultures.com\/en\/hawaiian-and-its-morphological-typology\/","title":{"rendered":"Hawaiian and its Morphological Typology"},"content":{"rendered":"

Status of the Language<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Hawaiian or otherwise known as \u2019Olelo Hawai\u2019i Makuahine is a language that is spoken on the Hawai\u2019i Islands. It is the statutory provincial language in State of Hawai\u2019i and it is used in all domains alongside English. Yet according to the UNESCO Atlas of World\u2019s Languages in Danger, the language is considered to be \u201ccritically endangered\u201d.<\/p>\n

Why so? <\/strong><\/p>\n

Well, in 1778 James Cook came in contact with the local population of the islands. Since then, the native population has decimated significantly through contact with foreigners and their diseases. Gradually, English-based creole and then English itself replaced Hawaiian to the verge of extinction where in the 1980s only 50 children could be considered speakers of the language. Later however, the Hawaiian-language revitalisation movement ensured that Hawaiian is used in all domains of the society: young speakers were trained in immersion courses so that old and middle-aged speakers would have active use.<\/p>\n

Lexical roots and grammatical morphemes<\/strong><\/h4>\n

In general, lexical roots in Hawaiian are free whereas grammatical morphemes are both, free and bound. To illustrate this point, we can use ke<\/em>, a marker of the present tense that is free and is followed by a verb and a \u00d8-demonstrative like in ke kali nei au <\/em>\u2018I am waiting\u2019. An example of a bound grammatical morpheme in this language would be a plural marker u-<\/em> like in u-haele<\/em> \u2018to go\u2019 from the following sentence e aho e u-haele k\u0101ua <\/em>\u2018it is better for us to go\u2019.<\/p>\n

Affixes (prefixes, suffixes and other patterns)<\/strong><\/h4>\n

The majority of affixes in Hawaiian occur with noun verbs which are understood as verbs that do not have any nominalisers yet function as nouns. Overall, there are more prefixes than suffixes. Prefixes include such examples like a causative\/simulative prefix h\u0101<\/em>– which is the most common one and is used just like in the following example liu<\/em> \u2018to turn\u2019, h\u0101-liu<\/em> \u2018to cause to turn\u2019. Another fairly widespread prefix would be aka- <\/em>which means \u2018carefully\u2019 or \u2018slowly\u2019 as in ai <\/em>\u2018to eat\u2019 and aka-ai <\/em>\u2018to eat slowly\u2019. When talking about suffixes, then these serve as nominalizers, passive\/imperative markers or even transitivizers. Among them the most common is -na <\/em>as in pap\u0101 <\/em>\u2018to sound\u2019 and pap\u0101-na<\/em> \u2018sounding\u2019. While languages generally have affixes which include prefixes and suffixes, Hawaiian, in addition to them, also has an infix which is used to lengthen the third vowel from the final one in ten kinship terms. For example makua <\/em>\u2018parent\u2019 and m\u0101kua \u2018parents\u2019.<\/p>\n

Clitics and their functions<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Hawaiian proper names more often than not begin with ka<\/em> or ke<\/em>, a definite article but also a clitic that is pronounced as part of what follows it like Kamehameha<\/em>, a name of the king of the Hawaiian Islands. Other instances of clitics include directional verbs of saying, for example, pane <\/em>\u2018reply\u2019 or n\u012bnau<\/em> \u2018question\u2019. Simple directionals include aku <\/em>\u2018away\u2019 or mai <\/em>\u2018to me\u2019 and a\u2019e <\/em>\u2018nearby\u2019 that are often followed by l\u0101<\/em> \u2018there (far)\u2019 or by –la<\/em> as an enclitic as in \u2018<\/em>\u012b a\u2019ela \u2018oia <\/em>\u2018he said to someone nearby\u2019.<\/p>\n

Reduplication<\/strong><\/h4>\n

The last characteristic of Hawaiian is reduplication, in simpler terms repetition of a part or parts of a word. There are 7 types of full (complete) or partial reduplication. First is the complete reduplication that includes the repetition of the word like \u2018aki <\/em>in \u2018aki-\u2018aki<\/em> \u2018to bite, constant snapping\u2019. Second is considered to be the reduplication of the first syllable is the second type and can be illustrated with the following example lele<\/em> in lelele<\/em> \u2018to bounce; to beat swiftly\u2019; Reduplication of all but the first syllable is thought to be the next point on the list. Such an example like \u0101hole in \u0101hole-hole \u2018an endemic fish; young stage of the fish\u2019 gives an idea of what the process looks like. Double reduplication of the first syllable or first two phonemes of the first syllable with an example like hiki, hi-hi-hiki<\/em> \u2018come, reach; to come or go (many people)\u2019. Then comes the reduplication of the first two phonemes of the first syllable with its example like pau<\/em> in pa<\/em>–pau<\/em> \u2018finished; deeply engaged, to devote oneself\u2019. The two last processes are called just like the already mentioned second and third processes but here the peculiarity is in the shortening of long vowels in the base. For example, k\u0101lai<\/em> like in kala<\/em>–kalai<\/em> \u2018carve, cut; cut a little at a time and unahi<\/em> as in una<\/em>–unahi<\/em> \u2018scales of a fish, to scale; to scale, to fish\u2019.\u00a0Monolingualism in Iceland &#8211; Icelandic Language Planning I<\/a><\/p>\n

References<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Eberhard, David M., Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig. 2021. \u201cHawaiian\u201d. Ethnologue: Languages of the World < https:\/\/www.ethnologue.com\/ language\/haw> (accessed July 20, 2021).<\/p>\n

Elbert, Samuel H. and Mary K. Pukui. 1979. Hawaiian Grammar. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.<\/p>\n

Jones, \u2018\u014ciwi P. 2018. \u201cHawaiian\u201d. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 48: 103\u2013115.<\/p>\n

Sch\u00fctz, Albert J. 1994. The Voices of Eden: A History of Hawaiian Language Studies. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.<\/p>\n

Picture Source: https:\/\/www.onhisowntrip.com\/hawaii-in-fifteen-pictures\/<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Status of the Language Hawaiian or otherwise known as \u2019Olelo Hawai\u2019i Makuahine is a language that is spoken on the Hawai\u2019i Islands. It is the statutory provincial language in State of Hawai\u2019i and it is used in all domains alongside English. Yet according to the UNESCO Atlas of World\u2019s Languages in Danger, the language is<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":210,"featured_media":13966,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[2842,2845,2840,169,2847,2841,2844,2846,2843],"yst_prominent_words":[],"class_list":["post-13965","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-language","tag-affixes","tag-clitics","tag-hawaiian","tag-language","tag-lexical-roots","tag-morphology","tag-prefixes","tag-reduplication","tag-suffixes"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mozartcultures.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13965","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mozartcultures.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mozartcultures.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mozartcultures.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/210"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mozartcultures.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13965"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/mozartcultures.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13965\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13999,"href":"https:\/\/mozartcultures.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13965\/revisions\/13999"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mozartcultures.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/13966"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mozartcultures.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13965"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mozartcultures.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13965"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mozartcultures.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13965"},{"taxonomy":"yst_prominent_words","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mozartcultures.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/yst_prominent_words?post=13965"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}